Six Issues That Will Dominate COP30
As world leaders convene in Belém, Brazil, for the 30th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP30), the event marks the beginning of a crucial decade in climate action. This conference follows two years of record-high global temperatures alongside rising greenhouse gas emissions. Meanwhile, geopolitical tensions, trade conflicts, and differing visions of the energy future challenge international climate diplomacy.
“This has the potential to be one of the most consequential climate COPs of the last decade,” said Ruth Do Coutto, Deputy Director of the Climate Change Division at the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). “But there is no doubt: we are facing some serious headwinds.”
Key Challenges at COP30
- Preventing runaway global warming: Although progress has been made, the latest national climate plans remain insufficient to avoid the most severe impacts of climate change. UNEP’s Emissions Gap Report 2025, released just before COP30, indicates current commitments will lead to a global temperature rise of between 2.3°C and 2.7°C.
- Cutting greenhouse gas emissions: Delegates will debate effective strategies for reducing emissions to meet international targets.
- Protecting forests: Safeguarding forests is critical for carbon sequestration and biodiversity.
- Strengthening adaptation finance: Enhancing funding to help vulnerable communities adapt to climate impacts remains a priority.
- Improving early warning systems: Better forecasting and alerts are essential to reduce risks from climate disasters.
- International cooperation amidst strained relations: The conference faces challenges posed by geopolitical conflicts and trade disputes that impact climate diplomacy.
These issues define the complex agenda delegates will face in their effort to steer global climate policy during a pivotal time.
Author’s summary: COP30 arrives at a critical moment, confronting urgent climate crises amid political friction, with delegates tasked to advance emission cuts, forest protection, and adaptation finance to secure the planet’s future.