The Netherlands' snap parliamentary election on October 29, 2025, reflects the crisis of bourgeois democracy and political stalemate in Europe.
The vote represents a further stage in the reshuffling of power among factions of the ruling elite as they grapple with mounting social, economic and geopolitical turmoil.
The election outcome is a managed reconfiguration of the ruling elite to stabilize a collapsing bourgeois order, not a renewal of liberal democracy.
Author's summary: Crisis in Dutch democracy.